In South Korea, there are different kinds of fish that people eat for every season. The reason that makes this possible is the geographical feature of the country. South Korea is a peninsula, meaning that the country is surrounded by the sea on three sides. Fish is caught all year round, with annual consumption of marine products reaching 58.4 kilograms per person as of 2017 — the highest in the world.

However, in contrast to this record, the amount of local fish catches have been decreasing. According to Statistics Korea, the annual production of marine products recorded 914,000 tons in 2019, down about 100,000 tons from 1,013,000 tons in 2018. The reason behind the disappearance of the formerly abundant fishery resources is the ‘Whitening’ phenomenon.

The whitening phenomenon, also known as sea desertification, is observed as marine algae living in the coastal rock beds disappear and are replaced with coralline algae. It is caused by multiple factors, including the following: rising sea temperature due to climate change, lack of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon) in the seawater, and a decrease of iron components in the sea.

According to a study from FIRA (Korea Fisheries Resources Agency) in 2017, 61.7% of the costal rock bed in the East Sea was suffering from sea desertification. Every year, an astounding 12,970 hectares of rock beds are turning into sea deserts.

▲ Pink coralline algae replacing marine algae on the rock bed (left) and the rock bed transforming into a sea desert (right) (Source: FIRA)

The sea forest provides a basic food source for marine life and also a breeding ground for fish and shellfish. It acts as the foundation of the marine ecosystem by devising rich fishery resources and forming hideouts from predators. When these sea forests begin to disappear, shellfish, such as abalone, conch, and clam, cannot grow here. This result, in turn, is bound to pose a threat to the marine food chain.

SOLUTION POSCO’s Environmental Solution: Sea Forest Cultivation

From its very beginning, POSCO has placed importance on its social responsibility for the environment and has been pursuing various environmental activities accordingly. Since 2000, the company has been evaluating projects that can be of practical assistance to the marine ecosystem as well as local communities. The projects weren’t just about financial support. POSCO utilized what it does best — steelmaking. The ‘Sea Forest Cultivation’ project is one of them.

Triton: the artificial reef brand made with POSCO’s steel slag

The main purpose of the ‘Sea Forest Cultivation’ project is to restore areas damaged by the whitening phenomenon. With the help of POSCO-developed Triton reefs, these areas are transformed into sea forests with abundant marine algae.

Steel slag, a co-product of the steelmaking process, has high mineral content such as calcium and iron, that are useful for marine ecosystems than general aggregates. It also has a lower risk of being damaged from typhoons and tsunamis due to its high gravity and strength. There are three types of Triton reefs: A-type, T-type, and Steel-combined Triton. These Triton reefs have been approved by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries in 2014 and have been used for national sea forest cultivation projects since then.

POSCO’s artificial reef project dates back to 2000. RIST, a research institute of industrial science and technology affiliated with POSCO, and the National Institute of Fisheries Science came together and installed 179 Triton reefs in Jeollanamdo Province. In 2010, POSCO signed an MOU with the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries to create sea forests and fishery resources. Since then, 6,559 Triton reefs were installed in total as of 2019.

The Triton sea forest, created in 30 locations in the Samcheok-Yeosu area, proves its excellent capability to restore the marine ecosystem and create fishery resources. In fact, investigation at the Triton sea forest in Yeosu revealed that compared to the surrounding general reefs, the Triton sea forest contained 1.9 times more marine life, 1.7 times more water, and 1.3 times more diverse algae.

▲ Various marine algae growing abundantly in the Triton sea forest in Yeosu.

On May 28, POSCO set off to create another sea forest to mark the National Ocean Day (May 31). The new sea forest, created with Triton reefs and Triton sea fertilizers, was installed in Ulleung Island, where the whitening phenomenon was at its peak. For the project, POSCO gathered opinions from the local community and decided to create the sea forest in the 17~20-meter-deep area off the coast of Namyangri. Starting from May 13, 100 A-type Triton reefs and 750 Triton blocks were installed for two days, and on May 28, a ceremony was held to celebrate the creation of a new sea forest amidst the presence of local government officials.

▲ POSCO installing Triton sea forest in Ulleung Island

The sea forest cultivation project is the first Corporate Citizen project of local cooperation to restore the marine ecosystem. The project is expected to expand the food resource for high value-added fish species and also help improve the income of local fishermen. POSCO and Ulleung Island will continue follow-up management — including research of water quality, supplemental planting of marine algae, and exterminating harmful organisms.

Triton Sea Forest can store “Blue Carbon”

Triton sea forest is capable of storing carbon dioxide due to the carbonation of steel slag — its main material — and the photosynthesis of marine algae through which the sea forest can store 10 to 20 tons of carbon dioxide annually per hectare. The carbon dioxide stored in the coastal and marine ecosystem is called “Blue Carbon”.

The marine ecosystem has up to 50 times more carbon absorption capacity than the terrestrial ecosystem. The reason why the Triton sea forest is considered as an effective means of blue carbon to prevent global warming lies here. However, since the marine ecosystem is less accessible and more difficult to understand than the terrestrial ecosystem, related studies have been insufficient. POSCO is to conduct scientific investigations on the effect of storing greenhouse gases in Triton sea forests.

Since January 2019, POSCO has been conducting joint research on blue carbon with POSTECH in Odo-ri, Pohang, where POSCO has created a sea forest with Triton reefs. Together, they measure the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater and analyze the dissolved organic carbon present in marine algae, sediments, and seawater.

▲ A CO₂ monitoring system being installed in the Triton sea forest of Odo-ri, Pohang, in 2016.

Triton reef is the perfect place to observe the blue carbon effect of sea forests because of its durability and ability to nurture a sea forest. The research conducted here is expected to lay the foundation for further studies regarding the effect of storing greenhouse gases in sea forests. POSCO will not stop here, but move on to seek ways to help the steel industry adapt to climate change in the marine sector. As a measure, the company will cooperate with Nippon Steel (Japanese steelmaker) on the blue carbon subject.

‘Building a Better Future Together’ is what POSCO wishes to achieve through the sea forest cultivation project. POSCO will continue on its journey to becoming a global sustainable company, advancing past its title of leading global steelmaker.

On May 28, POSCO launched a sea forest cultivation program in Ulleung Island to mark the National Ocean Day (May 31).

Earlier in the month, POSCO installed 100 Tritons* and 750 Triton blocks underwater and fostered a sea forest reaching 0.4ha in Ulleung Island. The installed Tritons have been acknowledged as artificial reefs by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries. The 100 Tritons were placed on the edge of the sea forest to facilitate the growth of marine algae while 750 Triton blocks were stacked up in the center, serving as a habitat and breeding ground for fish.

* Triton: The name Triton is taken after the god of the sea in Greek mythology. It is an artificial reef brand made with POSCO’s steel slag. The materials used to make Triton has proven to be safe for the environment as well as for marine life.

About 20 attendants were present at the event, including Ulleung Island Governor Byung-Soo Kim, fishermen of Ulleung Island, President of POSCO In-Hwa Chang, and RIST President Seong Yu. They inspected the sea forest site where the artificial reefs were installed.

In 2000, POSCO, together with RIST, developed an artificial reef Triton made with steel slag, a co-product of the steelmaking process. The company provided steel slags that amount to a total of 6559 Tritons free of charge. The Tritons were placed in 30 different sea forests in South Korea. In this case of Ulleung Island, POSCO not only provided the steel slag but also participated directly from the production to the installation stage.

Steel slag, the main material of Triton, has high mineral content such as calcium and iron, which are useful for marine ecosystems than general aggregates. Not only can the Triton facilitate the growth of marine algae, but it can also promote photosynthesis, thus restoring the marine ecosystem and diversifying coastal organisms as well. Also, the Triton reef can withstand typhoons and tsunamis due to its high gravity and strength and is highly resistant to seawater corrosion.

POSCO is focusing on the Triton sea forest cultivation project as one of the major Corporate Citizenship activities. The project is expected to restore the marine ecosystem and has a Blue Carbon effect since it absorbs and stores CO₂ underwater. RIST and other related organizations have revealed that sea forests are capable of storing 3 to 16 tons of carbon dioxide annually per hectare.

Ulleung Island Governor Byung-Soo Kim said, “We are glad that POSCO has stepped in to help resolve the issues of the marine ecosystem here in Ulleung Island.“ President of POSCO In-Hwa Chang explained that POSCO, as a Corporate Citizen, will actively take part in contributing to the local community with POSCO’s technology.

POSCO explored different underwater sites around Ulleung Island since December last year and selected the best location to cultivate a sea forest. In April, the company conducted a thorough investigation to understand the existing biological habitat. And finally, this month, POSCO transported the Triton to Ulleung Island and installed them underwater. POSCO and Ulleung Island will continue follow-up management — including research of water quality, supplemental planting of marine algae, and exterminating harmful organisms.

POSCO plans to develop sustainable sea fertilizer and a new type of artificial reef using steel slag. These developments are expected to contribute to restoring the marine ecosystem and also help improve the income of local fishermen.

■ The cultivation process of the Triton sea forest

There is a shocking amount of garbage and waste in the world’s oceans, and it has gone unchecked for far too long. Ocean currents have drawn these floating garbage patches together into distinct regions, and, according to the National Geographic, one in the Pacific covers an area larger than Mexico.

The world’s largest garbage dump is found in the world’s oceans. (Source: Stem Jobs)

Individuals, governments, and companies are heeding the call of oceanographers and other scientists and realizing more and more that a healthy ocean is vital to humanity’s survival. Many organizations are working to protect this natural resource by implementing sustainable, responsible practices to help clean up the oceans.

The State of the Ocean Today

Plastic is a major problem for the ocean. It breaks down into microparticles, which are nearly impossible to clean up. Places like Henderson Island, in the South Pacific region, are covered in tens of millions of pieces of trash.

Animals like seabirds consume the plastic at alarming rates: it is found in 90 percent of seabirds, according to Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. The study also says that plastic production is rapidly increasing, and so are the rates of ingestion by seabirds.

A bird eating plastic on the beach. (Source: Science Mag)

Plastic is not the only problem. Oil, fertilizers, sewage disposal, and chemical usage on land is affecting the oceans and killing marine ecosystems. The US National Research Council says 36 percent of the oil in the oceans come from city and industry waste and runoff.

Fertilizers are entering the ocean in much the same way. Even though there are many global restrictions on sewage and chemical dumping, it still happens. The oceans are in rough shape, and these issues are only going to get worse if people, companies, organizations and governments do not take action.

However, there are factors to consider before plunging in.

Cleaning Up Done Right

If ocean cleanup is not done properly, it can negatively impact marine ecosystems. The Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement’s (BSEE) Rigs to Reef program found that fish and marine life were using oil and gas platforms as habitat, and when these rigs were decommissioned and removed, it harmed and disrupted the ecosystem.

Rigs to Reefs helped to transform oil and gas platforms so that they could actually offer a benefit to marine ecosystems. It now encourages the use of obsolete platforms as artificial reef material – as long as they meet strict requirements. With BSEE’s program, various marine species can adapt to and enjoy the artificial reefs as shelters and breeding grounds.

An artificial reef made of old industrial infrastructure. (Source: Rigs to Reef)

Other companies and groups are also taking action. For example, The Ocean Cleanup is a group focused on using the ocean’s natural currents for cleanup, and financing the project through philanthropic, commercial, and governmental donations and sponsorships.

POSCO’s Triton Project

POSCO is another company committed to sustainable, responsible practices when it comes to the environment, including the oceans. One of their major innovations, the Triton project has a direct, positive impact on the marine ecosystem of Korea’s South Sea and East Sea.

In conjunction with the Research Institute of Science and Technology (RIST) and the Korean government, POSCO has installed 510 artificial fish reefs made of “Triton” steel slag, made of  by-products of the iron and steelmaking processes. Triton is eco-friendly and low in carbon, and adds additional value to the steel manufacturing process by using up its wastes.

POSCO uses by-products from steel production to make Triton. (Source: Diproinduca)

Even better, Triton is naturally made with high percentages of iron and calcium, which work to create the ideal conditions for seaweed and algae spore growth, and purifies contaminated sediment. These reefs can also help reef populations migrate to cooler waters.

Triton reefs create a very healthy environment for marine life, and have helped to restore sea forests wherever they are installed. The sea plants that are thriving with Triton are decreasing carbon dioxide and creating a healthier ocean. Aside from the environment, the economies of surrounding countries are reaping the benefits. The commercial fishing industry is one of the first industries to benefit from a more robust local fish population.

An example of an artificial reef used to support plant growth

POSCO intends to continue building on the success of Triton, forging cooperative relationships to construct fishery resources. The next coral reef forest restoration is planned for Indonesia, and POSCO will continue to protect marine life globally.

Cleaning up the oceans is one of the greatest global environmental responsibilities of humanity. POSCO is one company leading the efforts to restore the environment through transformative technologies that take what was once considered waste and using it to create spaces that nurture life.

Cover photo courtesy of Rigs to Reef.

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