POSCO played a significant role in helping ZPP acquire the quality certification by supplying them with the API-X70 steel plate that is commonly used in API pipes. This certification shows that the products, management systems, and services are in line with the quality standards defined by the GAZPROMCERT system.

ZPP executives meet with POSCO on March 18 to conclude their marketing consultations. On March 23, Russia’s ZPP became certified by Gazprom, the world’s largest natural gas company, with the help of POSCO’s Solution Marketing.

By working with ZPP’s quality design group, steelworks, and research institute, POSCO helped them successfully pass Gazprom’s quality certification procedures – one example of POSCO’s efforts to pursue shared growth with its customers.

The Gazprom certification has enabled POSCO to rebuild its sales infrastructure in Russia, a vast market that demands more than 2 million tons of API plates per year. POSCO aims to continue strengthening its presence in Russia with its advanced steel products and solution marketing services. With ZPP, in particular, this could come in the form of providing diagnostic support for their equipment and steel plates.

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POSCO hopes the team will be able to fully invest in training and perform to the best of their ability at the upcoming games.

The Rise of the Korean National Para Ice Hockey Team

While the Korean National Para Ice Hockey Team is now receiving more funding and exposure, their journey was not always smooth-sailing. As seen in the 2014 Korean documentary Parallel, the Korean para ice hockey athletes have faced many difficulties along the way. But, in facing their adversity with hard work, perseverance, and determination, they have found success as they prepare for the upcoming 2018 Winter Games.  

2010 Winter Games in Vancouver, Canada

Until 2010, sledge hockey at the Winter Games had been dominated by Canada, the U.S., Norway, and Sweden. Starting at the Winter Games in Vancouver in 2010, the world started to notice the potential of Korean para-athletes as they finished in 6th place in their first Winter Games. Following the Vancouver Winter Games, the team continued their success from 2011-2013 at multiple international tournaments. These wins helped add momentum and build expectations for the team as they prepared for the Winter Games in Sochi.

Korea defeated Sweden 4-2 in the 2013 Para Ice Hockey Qualification Tournament held in Torino, Italy (Courtesy of Svenska Parasportförbundet Sveriges Paralympiska Kommitté)

2014 Winter Games in Sochi, Russia

In 2014, Korea’s ice sledge hockey team returned to the Winter Games. In their first match, Team Korea defied expectations with a 3-2 defeat of the hometown team and ultimate silver medalist, Russia.  However, after that monumental win, multiple team members suffered a series of injuries that helped lead to subsequent losses to the US, Italy, and the Czech Republic. Although the team won their 7th place match 2-0 against Sweden, players could not hide their disappointment.

Dongshin Jang, who scored the final goal in the match against Sweden, cited the team’s many injuries as one of the reasons for defeat adding, “We tried our best to win the medals in order to be recognized and get the support we need. We did well considering our conditions, but I cannot hide my disappointment.”

2018 Winter Games in PyeongChang, Korea

In 2018, Team Korea will have a home rink advantage as the games come to PyeongChang. As they prepare to participate in the 2018 Winter Games, they have shown great progress. Just one year after their humbling defeat at Sochi, Team Korea defeated Poland 15-0 at the IPC Ice Sledge Hockey World Championships, the most points ever scored in a World Championship game.

Korea’s ice sledge hockey team pose for a team photo at the 2013 Para Ice Hockey Games held in Torino, Italy. (Courtesy of Luc Percival)

Team Korea’s training is in full swing as they are aiming to be one of the top five teams in the 2017 World Championships A-Pool. Trials will be held in Gangneung, Korea, from April 11-20, 2017. If Team Korea takes one of the top five slots, it will directly qualify for the PyeongChang 2018.

POSCO is supporting Team Korea to allow them to focus on their training for 2018. Team Korea has already succeeded far beyond expectations and POSCO is honored to be supporting such a talented team.   

Skating on Steel Sledges

Para ice hockey began at a rehabilitation centre in Stockholm, Sweden, during the early 1960’s. It was started by a group of Swedes who wanted to continue playing hockey despite not being able to skate anymore. Para ice hockey made its official debut on the world stage during the 1994 Lillehammer games.

Sledges for para ice hockey, made of steel, are set on two blades usually made of tempered steel. (Courtesy of Randykwapis)

Instead of skates, players use double-blade sledges that are typically made of steel. They are 0.6m to 1.2m in length with a curved front end and a seat for the athletes. The sledge was modified to be set on two 3 mm blades, which are usually made of tempered steel that allows the puck to pass underneath the sledge. Players use two sticks to propel the sledge over the ice and to hit the puck. The design, weight, and strength of the player’s equipment are critical. The ability for the sledge to withstand the weight of the players and strong impacts is critical. The steel used in the sledge can make a crucial difference to their performance as it impacts control on the ice and the durability of the blades.  

The steel industry continues to face challenges in many areas, but the outlook for the metal seems to be generally positive. Along with North America and Europe, emerging economics such as South and Southeast Asia are showing resilient growth in their steel forecasts.

One of the reasons why this metal is so carefully observed is due to its role as a key contributor to the circular economy. As a permanent and affordable material that can be repeatedly recycled, its sustainability makes it more appealing than competing industrial materials.

Specific markets are looking strong in terms of steel demand – the automotive sector will maintain growth momentum, supported by strong demand in many countries, and the construction sector is showing steady improvement.

For 2015, the world’s crude steel production amount reached 1,622.8 million tons, and production decreased in all regions except Oceania. Annual production of crude steel for Asia in 2015 was 1,113.8 million tons, 166.2 million tons for the EU, 110.7 million tons for North America and 43.9 million tons for South America.

In 2015, the leading steel-producing countries included: China, Japan, India, the United States and Russia. Countries following closely behind are South Korea (69.73 million tons of crude steel production), Germany (42.68 million tons), Brazil (33.25 million tons), Turkey (31.52 million tons) and Ukraine (22.93 million tons).

South Korea’s economic growth has been greatly aided by the steel market, and it is ranked first for countries using the most steel per capita (1,113.6 kilograms). POSCO has been a crucial part of this growth, placing in the international rankings for top steel-producing countries. The company produced 41.975 million tons in 2015.

We can see there have been relatively modest changes for each of these economies in the table above, and we can expect more shifts in the coming year.

For more information on The World Steel Association’s expected outcomes for 2016 and 2017, click here.

Read on to learn some interesting facts about how steel has been utilized in the histories of the top five steel giants.

5. Russia

Crude Steel Production: 71.11 million tons

Interesting fact: The city of Magnitogorsk, celebrated as the “steel heart of the motherland,” is home to Russia’s largest iron and steel works. During the 1930s, the city was designed under one of Stalin’s Five-Year-Plans, when he erected the then-largest steel plant in the world, the Stalin Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Complex.

4. United States

Crude Steel Production: 78.92 million tons

Interesting fact: Andrew Carnegie, who made his fortune on steel, was the first to initiate the development of a mass-produced version of the material. With his solution, he built the St. Louis Bridge, and convinced people of its stability by having an elephant walk across it on its opening day.

3. India

Crude Steel Production: 89.58 million tons

Interesting fact: The use of iron in India goes back to ancient times, and is even mentioned in epic and religious Sanskrit literature. The Vedas and the Puranas, both sacred texts of Hinduism, reference the metal and speak of its uses during times of peace and war.

2. Japan

Crude Steel Production: 166.18 million tons

Interesting fact: The traditional katana sword, wielded by samurais, is crafted using only the purest steel, tamahagane (“jewel steel” in Japanese). The sword is made from shoveling 25 tons of iron-bearing river sand and charcoal over a course of three days and nights into a tatara, a clay furnace built specifically for a single batch of tamahagane. The smelting process yields about two tons of the material.

1. China

Crude Steel Production: 803.83 million tons

Interesting fact: After inventing the predecessor to the compass (the Sinan) during the Han Dynasty, China developed some of the first compasses in the 11^th century. While initially made of lodestone, magnetized steel needles were used as the core pointer of the navigation tool, suspended in water to create a wet compass. Trading ships during the Song Dynasty were then able to travel to as far as Saudi Arabia without getting lost, expanding on their trade routes.

Production rates according to the World Steel Association (worldsteel) 2015 World Crude Steel Production Performances.

The World’s Top 5 Steel Producing Countries

worldsteel Outlook: Down in 2016, but Rebounding Next Year

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Differences exist not only between the two sexes but everywhere: among colleagues at work, between friends, and further, among the various cultures in this world. It is a truly meaningful effort to have an open mind and make a sincere effort to understand and sympathize with others. This is why the POSCO TJ Foundation invites open-minded brilliant talents across the globe through the POSCO Asia Fellowship program. Today Hello, POSCO blog introduces the story of Aigul Kussaliyeva, a fellow of the POSCO Asia Fellowship program from Kazakhstan. Let’s hear about her experiences of cultural understanding during her weekend trip to Insa-dong and Dongdaemun in Seoul, Korea.

Her Story: Aigul on Korea

I was looking for something that would be very Korean and practical at the same time to give my sister and parents back home in Kazakhstan. My sister was getting married soon, and I wanted to find something meaningful for her. My friend in Korea recommended getting some green tea, but I was still a newbie about Korea – I had been here for just two months – and didn’t know where to go look for it. Luckily, my friend Gun Huh who works at the POSCO TJ Foundation offered to be my guide, and that’s how our date started!

We looked for a place where we could purchase the best gift while getting to experience Korean traditional culture, and Insa-dong was the perfect place to do just that. The weather was pretty hot, but everything was so fun and interesting that we were barely affected by it. The streets were teeming with cultural goods, and we even got to take a picture with a pair of young people in traditional Korean clothes, supporting the preservation of the Korean language. They taught us a lot about Korean language and culture, including the phrase Ari Ari which means “Go for it!” in old Korean.

We stepped inside “Osulloc,” which was a shop full of various kinds of organic tea. After a sniff of the wonderfully tasteful aroma of the green tea leaf, I found myself buying 5 sets of green tea even before I knew what I was doing.

After buying the tea gifts, my friend and I had a lovely time chatting about Korea sipping cool traditional tea. I talked about how joyous and nice Koreans were, especially during drinking parties. There was this one guy who went out of his way to mix up a drink just for me! I think Korea’s unique vibe comes from the intimacy and joyfulness of its people.

After the relaxing tea time, we headed for the Ssamjigil of Insa-dong. One of the things that interested me the most was the wall of letters at a rooftop at Ssamjigil. I was astonished to find out they were letters of love written by lovers who visited the Ssamjigil. Back home at Kazakhstan, people don’t express their love for one another so much. I thought it was very cute and lovely for Koreans to be so affectionate to each other.

[box] About Ssamjigil

(Photo courtesy of Ssamjigil, http://www.ssamzigil.co.kr/)

Ssamjigil was opened to the public on November 18, 2004. It is a road full of cultural goods and merchandise, just like a shopping mall. The unique architecture that connects the first floor to the fourth floor with a single road makes it an attractive place to visit not only for Koreans but also for tourists. The plaza in the center of Ssamjigil is where various exhibitions and plays are held, making it a famous location for cultural experiences, sightseeing and ethnic food. [/box]

His Story: Gun on Kazakhstan

Taking Aigul out to experience Korea together was both fun and challenging. I realized that it doesn’t necessarily mean you know all about your own culture just because you were born and raised in it: you really have to think about the culture and have a deep understanding of the history that formed that culture. Such was the mindset I had when I guided Aigul to Insa-dong.

After our tour of Insa-dong, Aigul offered to introduce me to a little bit of her own culture. She took me to an ethnic restaurant at Dongdaemun that had traditional Russian food. Aigul told me that Kazakhstan is a multi-cultural country home to various unique dishes. The most prevalent are traditional Kazakh and Russian cuisine. It was my first time to try Russian food, and I totally loved it!

One thing I noticed about Russian cuisine was its unique aroma. I learned from Aigul that Russia, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan cuisine share a common aroma. When I asked her for the secret recipe, Aigul happily revealed Ukrop, an annual herb used widely in Russia and Kazakhstan cuisine as a spice. She even gave me some as a gift to use when cooking soup! I was delighted to have had learned something about Aigul’s home country; it made our day a mutually learning experience.

The lady from Kazakhstan and the gentleman from Korea had a meaningful time explaining and experiencing each other’s culture and food. We hope to see more meaningful cultural exchanges in the future through the POSCO Asia Fellowship program!

Despite security concerns and uncertainty of whether Russia could successful host the 2014 Winter Games, the Sochi Olympics concluded with a grand finale last week including a well-organized closing ceremony that even wittily mocked fun at Russia’s own Olympic ring malfunction. There were moments of victory, anxiety, relief, not to mention controversy.

Image source: flickr

Controversial Judging Drama in Sochi

By now, news over the controversial judging for South Korea’s figure skating queen Kim Yuna is well known.  In spite of a flawless performance by Kim Yuna, the gold medal winner at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, the gold medal for women’s figure skating went to Russia’s Adelina Sotnikova.

Image source: flickr

2014 Olympic Games, Sochi, Russia. 20 Feb. 2014. (EPA/Barbara Walton)

Amid the protest and criticism from fans and viewers all around the world, skating Queen, Kim Yuna, maintained her graceful composure and responded by saying, “The most important thing for me is to participate in the Olympic Winter Games…It’s my last competition, and I’m a happy to be here.”

What are skates made of? The science behind the steel skate blades of Olympic athletes

Image source: flickr

Women’s 5000 meter finals at Vancouver 2010 Olympics

While we think Kim Yuna was simply born with the gift of skating and she also invested thousands of hours to practice, another crucial element for Yuna and all other Olympic skating athletes are their steel skate blades.

Blades are essential for skaters and are made of tempered carbon steel and chrome. Skates produced with lightweight aluminum and stainless steel are becoming more popular with skaters.  The stainless steel used for skate blades is the same material produced by POSCO’s steel mills and are advantageous as it does not readily rust or stain with water like ordinary steel.

What is the difference between figure skates, short track skates and speed skates?

Beyond the blade material, the shape of the blades also makes a significant difference for skating athletes.

Images (Left to right): Figure skates, Short track skates, Speed skates

Image credit: POSCO Newspaper

• Toe technology for figure skates

Figure skaters like Kim Yuna are highly judged on their artistic movements and the height of their jumps and vigorous spins. As such, the spikes on the frontal toes are crucial to make this happen. Although figure skates are the shortest in length, they have the thickest blades at 4~5mm. Also, the boot reaches far higher up the ankle compared to other skates in order to prevent injuries from high jumps and spinning.

• Curved blade technology for short track skates

The deciding factor between gold and silver medals for short track skating athletes is how fast one can turn corners as they make their laps. To reach maximum speed while turning corners, short track skates are designed slightly curved and are shorter than speed skates. For safety purposes of athletes skating in close proximity and at high speeds, the backend of these skates have slightly more rounded edges.

• Detachable back-end technology for speed skates

Introduced by Netherland skaters at the 1998 Nagano Olympics with much hype and now adopted by most speed skating athletes, speed skates have a detachable back-end that reduces friction and energy loss. Since the blade is designed to detach from the boot, the blade can remain on the ice for longer even when there is leg movement.

Image source: flickr

Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics, 20 Feb. 2014. (Reuters/Alexander Demianchuk)

Queen Yuna’s professional skating career has dawned, but it will be interesting to observe how skate technology advancements continue to evolve. Now that The Games have been declared closed, let the countdown to the 2018 Games in Pyeongchang begin! It will be the first Winter Games hosted in South Korea and 30 years since the 1988 Summer Games were held in Seoul. We’ll be there cheering on our talented athletes. Will you?

The Korea consortium formed between POSCO, Hyundai Merchant Marine (HMM), and the Korean Railway (“Korail”) signed an MOU with Russian Railways on November 13^th at the Blue House with the presidents of Korea and Russia in attendance, to cooperate in the railway, logistics, and port fields.

This was a development based on the Eurasia initiative President Park Geun-hye proposed to President Vladimir Putin at the G20 Summit in September where private companies lead the project, and is expected to contribute to developing Korea-Russia relations as well as open the growth plates for the newly rising Northeast Asia region.

The Najin-Khasan project, which is at the core of the cooperation, was established by Russia for railway construction and port development in North Korea’s Najin and Russia’s Khasan regions.

Korean companies attempted to participate by establishing a joint logistics company back in 2007, but it did not work out at the time. With little development following, Russian Railways sought to enter the Far East region at the end of 2011, and contacted POSCO for possible participation to re-start talks on the project. POSCO evaluated the development potential of the Far Eastern and Siberian regions highly, and concluded that linking logistic lines was crucial to securing a stable material route and reviewed participation in the project.

POSCO also, for a larger frame business of linking the Eurasia logistics route in the long-term, determined that a domestic company with specialties was necessary, and formed a consortium with Korail in the railways field and Hyundai Merchant Marine in the logistics field for joint participation. 

The project will be carried out in two phases. The first phase will focus on the North Korea-Russia joint venture RasonConTrans led railways connection, port and terminal development, and operation between Najin and Khasan. The second phase will expand the project to linking the TKR (Trans Korean Railway) and the TSR (Trans Siberia Railway) considering political and economic situations.

 Economic advantages will exist once the second phase of the project linking the TKR and the TSR is completed, as cargo from the Asia region can be transported to Europe through the Eurasia line at approximately one-third the distance and less than half the original delivery time.

From the perspective of POSCO, which is participating in the consortium, more than 2 million tons of resources are imported through Far East ports, but if the project is carried out smoothly, logistical stability can greatly improve and Korail can directly benefit from the TKR-TSR linked project. Hyundai Merchant Marine can also secure an advantage in expanding business in the region by establishing a complex logistics network. POSCO and Hyundai Group especially are constructing an international logistics complex in the Hunchun region which is contiguous to North Korea, China, and Russia, and thus expect great synergy once the Najin-Khasan project gets on track.

Meanwhile, experts have determined that this project can have greater power of execution and stability with the participation of POSCO in the resource/infrastructure field, Korail in the railways field, and Hyundai Merchant Marine in the logistics field, all specialized companies in each field.

The Korean consortium consisting of POSCO, Hyundai Merchant Marine, and Korail will thoroughly review profitability through economic feasibility analysis, and will also have close discussions with the government and project partners from a future-oriented perspective to have Korea contribute to leading Eurasia economic consolidation.

POSCO CEO and Chairman Chung Joon-yang and the Deputy Chairman of VEB Andrey Yurjevich Sapelin attended the signing ceremony to celebrate the firm economic partnership between Russia and POSCO.

According to the MOU, POSCO will be dispatching teams of production, sales and technology experts to manage the steel mill and pass on the know-hows of the world’s leading steelmaker in various sectors. For the first 24 months, a short-term program will be conducted to secure the facility’s financial stability. Once the management and operation is back on the right track, POSCO is planning to extend the program into a five-year plan to assist Amurmetal to stand with its own feet. POSCO and VEB agreed to cement the detailed scope and volume of the project within a month.

At the ceremony, Chairman Chung said, “By leveraging POSCO’s accumulated experiences and management know-hows at its utmost, we will actively support Amurmetal’s management normalization.” He then continued, “Beyond a short-term based stabilization, POSCO will lead Amurmetal into a strong steel mill through readjusting equipment and other necessary measures.”

Completed in 1942, the only steel mill in the Far East’s Khabarovsk has an annual production level of 2.15 million tons. However, due to the global financial crisis in 2008, Amurmetal became heavily indebted and was eventually taken over by Russia’s state-run bank in 2010.

With the partnership with VEB and Amurmetal, POSCO will be highlighting the ‘Technology Is POSCO’ brand image, as well as generating a new business model of exporting the company’s management know-hows.

Also, upon the foundation of the economic partnership between Korea and Russia, POSCO’s ongoing operations in the Far East, including the developments of Siberian mines, ports, roads, modular housing and other social infrastructures, are expected to be bolstered.

POSCO has many modifiers that follow us, one of it being given by WSD. On February 1st, POSCO has been named “The World’s Most Competitive Steelmaker” by the World Steel Dynamics(WSD), which is a strategic information service providing critical and new perspectives on possible and probable steel industry developments, for 4 years in a row.

Thirty-four steel industries, including POSCO, were judged on basis of their production scale, profitability, innovative technology, reduction of production cost, financial soundness, ability to secure raw materials and 23 additional measures.

POSCO impressed the world with our high level of workmanship, production capacity. Products like Finex, POIST, CEM proved the cutting-edge, leading innovative technology we’ve created and pursued, which also helped increase the competitiveness of raw materials. On sections like profitability, reduction of production costs and expansion into new markets, POSCO scored 7.76 points out of 10, as to be one of the top ranked companies.

[box]

FINEX: POSCO’s own eco-friendly iron making technology that allows the direct use of cheap iron ore fines and non-coking coal as feedback. Having significantly lower operating costs and emissions, Finex dramatically reduces overall construction costs.

POIST: POSCO’s Innovation Steel Technology is POSCO’s own leading-edge refining technology of molten metal for protection of profitability and environment simultaneously.

CEM: Compact Endless Casting and Rolling Mill that have compacted steelmaking, steel performance, and rolling process.

[/box]

What’s interesting about this year’s results is that the entire steel industry experienced a down-turn over the years, yet POSCO managed to receive an even better score of 7.48 points that we did the previous years. The gap between POSCO and companies who scored below 7.3 became huge as well.

Following POSCO as 1st place are, Russia’s NLMK placed 2nd, Severstal 3rd and India’s JSW Steel as the 4th place. Companies who were named “The World’s Most Competitive Steelmaker” all possessed self-functioning/ owned steel mines, enabling the competitive supply of base materials. In addition, with the technologies such as solar synergy and enzer, Nippon Steel and Sumitomo Metal became 5th place. Arcelormittal, though it was 1st place in steel production level, scored as 22nd place.

As evident as it is by now, POSCO is currently the 1st place in “The World’s Most Competitive Steelmaker,” for 4 years in a row today. But actually, we have achieved this title during 2002 to 2004 also. We rented the place to other large corporations briefly, namely to Severstal and Tata Steel. Nonetheless, POSCO was able to take the title back since 2010 due to our continuous efforts in reducing production costs, improving profitability, increasing technological researches, and pioneering for new markets. We hope to continue this happy trail and work harder to further develop our skills for the betterment of not just POSCO but the world that we coexist.

< WSD’s World-Class  Steelmaker Rankings as of January 2013>

During an annual meeting of the World Steel Association (worldsteel) in New Delhi, India, Mr. Chung was appointed as one of the two vice chairmen. He is expected to become worldsteel chairman in October 2013 as precedents complied by worldsteel, and will serve his term from 2013 until 2014.

[box] What is worldsteel?

worldsteel is the international trade body for the iron and steel industry. The association represents approximately 170 steel producers (including 17 of the world’s 20 largest steel companies), national and regional steel industry associations and steel research institutes. worldsteel members represent around 85% of world steel production. The purpose of the association is to promote steel and the steel industry to customers, the industry, media and the general public. worldsteel is a non-profit organization with headquarters in Brussels, Belgium.[/box]

This is a remarkable honor for POSCO as a whole and for our CEO Mr. Chung as well on a personal level. We are glad and excited that through Mr. Chung’s appointment to worldsteel’s executive body will strengthen POSCO’s global status, as well as upgrade Korea’s role in the international steel industry. However, even before receiving this title of the Vice Chairman, Mr. Chung was praised by the international steel community for his work as an executive member of the Executive Committee, which is the top decision-making body within the institution that also oversees worldsteel’s day-to-day work.

This 46th annual gathering was attended by over 200 CEOs of leading global steelmakers, including Chung and ArcelorMittal Chairman Lakshmi Mittal, and heads of steel-related institutions.

Let’s look at who else attended the meeting. Maybe you might recognize a few. On the first row, from the right, are Alexey Mordashov, CEO of Severstal in Russia, next to Lakshmi Mittal of ArcelorMittal, Mr. Chung of POSCO, and CEO Zhang Xiaogang of Ansteel in China. Other participants of worldsteel’s 46th annual meeting included Chairmen John P. Surma of US Steel and Shoji Muneoka, CEO of Nippon Steel & Sumimoto Metal Corporation.

In this meeting, worldsteel members shared and discussed their 2013 Agenda, some of the challenges and necessary changes the international steel community faces, and new technological researches to the solution. Here, POSCO presented POSCO Body Concept-Electric Vehicle (PBC-EV) to the world audience. This is our newest and the most ambitiously created product. PBC-EV is both light in weight and sturdy in sustainability, yet it can be produced with a low-cost investment.

As becoming the Vice Chairman of worldsteel, Mr. Chung emphasized some of the most important issues faced by the global steel industries, such as handling of raw materials, adjusting of supply and demand and strengthening sustainability for the benefit of all steel community. Furthermore, “Global POSCO Strategy,” which POCO is strongly pushing for will also excel greatly. One of Mr. Chung’s most anticipated actions also include effectively mediating an active interaction between the founding members of worldsteel (most of whom located in Europe and America) and the emerging industries of Asia.