Validated global competitiveness by integrating and utilizing POSCO Group’s comprehensive LNG value chain

POSCO E&C has secured a KRW 1.5 trillion contract for the Gulf MTP (Map Ta Phut) LNG Terminal project in Thailand, further expanding its presence in the global LNG market.

On June 30, POSCO E&C signed a deal with Gulf Development in Bangkok to undertake a major national infrastructure project, which includes the construction of two 250,000㎥ LNG storage tanks, unloading facilities, and regasification systems with an annual processing capacity of 8 million tons.

The Gulf MTP LNG Terminal, to be located in the Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate about 130 kilometers from Bangkok, marks Thailand’s first public-private partnership LNG terminal project. It is commissioned jointly by Gulf Development, one of Thailand’s leading private energy investors, and PTT Tank Terminal, a subsidiary of the state-owned energy company PTT.

POSCO E&C has carried out more than 20 projects in Thailand since 2002, and its track record continues to help the company stand apart in the local construction sector.

This latest contract win is particularly significant as the company secured the project through fierce competition with three global contenders from Japan, China, and Lebanon. POSCO E&C’s proven track record of successfully delivering LNG terminal projects—both domestically in Gwangyang, Jeju Aewol, and Samcheok, and internationally in Thailand and Panama—played a decisive role.

Since 2010, POSCO E&C has operated a dedicated LNG terminal business unit, executing a wide range of projects including LNG storage tanks, jetty facilities, and regasification systems. It is now recognized as the only EPC (Engineering, Procurement, and Construction) company in Korea with fully self-developed design capabilities in the LNG terminal sector.

This project also highlights the synergy across the POSCO Group, which is building a comprehensive LNG value chain covering production, transportation, storage, sales, and construction. The Gulf MTP project demonstrates POSCO Group’s ability to leverage this integrated value chain to strengthen its competitiveness in overseas markets.

In Korea, POSCO E&C recently completed the construction of LNG Tanks No. 5 and 6 in Gwangyang using POSCO’s world-first high-manganese steel, and is currently working on Tanks No. 7 and 8. Additionally, the company is constructing regasification and unloading facilities at the Dangjin LNG production base, led by Korea Gas Corporation.

A POSCO E&C official stated, “Our EPC capabilities and LNG expertise accumulated through domestic and international projects led to this achievement. It once again proves POSCO E&C’s leadership in LNG terminal construction. Going forward, POSCO Group will continue to expand into global markets by maximizing its LNG value chain.”

▲POSCO E&C signs a contract with Thailand’s Gulf Development for the Gulf MTP LNG Terminal project.

▲POSCO E&C signs a contract with Thailand’s Gulf Development for the Gulf MTP LNG Terminal project and poses for a commemorative photo.

▲A view of the PTT LNG Terminal #2 project completed by POSCO E&C in Thailand in 2017

The trends in POSCO Group’s flagship business area are explained by experts in an easy-to-understand manner. The global energy market is paying attention to liquefied natural gas (LNG), as an alternative to overcome the limitations of renewable energy. In response, POSCO Group is making every effort to establish a LNG value chain, including offshore gas field projects and the construction of LNG terminals. In Part 5, Senior Researcher Young-geun Joo of the POSCO Research Institute sheds light on POSCO Group’s LNG value chain.

Q What is behind the growing attention to LNG in the global energy market?

While there is a long-term push toward eco-friendly renewable energy and hydrogen, the technologies and economic feasibility of these solutions are not yet fully developed. As a result, LNG is being used as a bridge energy source to replace coal power. The main component of LNG is methane, a molecule made up of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. This structure results in lower carbon dioxide emissions compared to coal or oil. Additionally, the refining process removes impurities, leading to lower emissions of nitrogen compounds, other pollutants, and ultrafine particles.

In fact, when generating 1 GMW of power, carbon dioxide emissions vary significantly by energy source: coal power produces 888 tons, oil power 733 tons, gas power 499 tons, combined-cycle (LNG) power 389 tons, solar power 85 tons, and nuclear power 29 tons. While LNG emits more carbon dioxide than renewable or nuclear energy, it shows significantly lower emissions compared to oil and coal power.
Additionally, LNG can also be used as an alternative to address the seasonal and intermittent nature of renewable energy sources and is highly competitive in the global energy market.

Q The LNG value chain has been attracting growing attention. What is the concept of it?

The value chain, described as a “chain of value,” refers to a series of activities through which a company adds value at every step of a product or service process. The process can be divided into stages such as planning and production, distribution, and usage. This entire value chain can then be compared to the flow of a river, categorized into upstream (the upper stream), midstream (the middle stream), and downstream (the lower stream).

The traditional oil and gas industries simply divide the value chain into upstream (production, distribution, and storage) and downstream (utilization). However, in 2016, POSCO Group added the concept of midstream to enhance LNG terminal capabilities, strengthen trading expertise, improve the integration between upstream and downstream activities, and drive business expansion.

▲ LNG value chain (Source: POSCO International)

First of all, upstream involves the exploration and production of natural gas. POSCO International has been producing natural gas in Myanmar since June 2013, after 13 years of development. Midstream deals with the liquefaction, distribution, and storage of natural gas. This stage includes necessary elements such as LNG export terminals or liquefaction terminals, specialized LNG carriers, and import or regasification terminals like the Gwangyang LNG Terminal. LNG trading, the business of trading LNG, is also part of this phase. Lastly, the downstream stage refers to the demand points where natural gas is consumed. These include POSCO’s steel mills, POSCO International’s Incheon LNG Combined Cycle Power Plant, as well as residential, industrial, and commercial facilities that use city gas.

Q What makes POSCO Group’s LNG value chain stand out?

The energy industry requires massive investments, amounting to trillions of won, with operations producing and consuming tens to hundreds of thousands of tons of natural gas in both upstream and downstream sectors. Amid growing volatility in global energy markets driven by factors such as the Russia-Ukraine war and geopolitical tensions in the Middle East, building an LNG value chain allows POSCO Group to maximize synergies and effectively respond to volatility. POSCO Group produces and consumes a large amount of natural gas, which enhances liquidity and allows it to maintain a stable supply to its downstream operations and use trading, swaps, and other mechanisms to ensure a reliable LNG supply even during disruptions.

In upstream, natural gas must be produced and sold at a high price to generate substantial profits, while in downstream, LNG must be purchased at a low price. By linking these through midstream integration, POSCO enhances price flexibility, creating synergies and boosting profitability in both business and revenue.

Q Where and how does POSCO Group produce natural gas?

POSCO International began offshore exploration in Myanmar in 2000, discovered three subsea gas fields, and has been commercially producing natural gas since June 2013. This project stands out as the largest overseas resource development undertaken by a domestic private energy company. POSCO International transports natural gas through a 105-kilometer subsea pipeline and sells it to Myanmar and China via a gas pipeline linked to an onshore terminal in Kyaukpyu, Myanmar.

The daily production is about 500 million cubic feet, which accounts for 9% of Korea’s annual natural gas consumption. Currently, the company is producing natural gas from three subsea gas fields and discovered another subsea gas field, called Mahar, in a nearby area in 2020.

Additionally, POSCO International expanded its upstream operations by acquiring Senex Energy, Australia’s fifth-largest company in the oil and gas sector, in 2022. POSCO International, together with its partner Hancock Energy, plans to invest a total of 650 million Australian dollars by 2026 to acquire Senex Energy and secure natural gas reserves equivalent to 44% of Korea’s annual consumption.

In addition, at the end of 2021, POSCO International won an exploration rights for the PM524 block, located offshore on the eastern side of the Malay Peninsula, from Malaysia’s state-owned oil company, PETRONAS. POSCO International is currently conducting feasibility evaluations and plans to begin exploration and development in 2025. In 2023, POSCO International, through a consortium with Indonesia’s state-owned enterprise PHE^*, acquired exploration rights for the Bunga block in Indonesia. The exploration will continue until 2029.

*Pertamina Hulu Energi (PHE): A subsidiary of Indonesia’s state-run oil and gas company Pertamina.

Q What is the capacity of the Gwangyang LNG Terminal operated by POSCO International?

POSCO International began the operation of Korea’s first private LNG terminal in 2005. The company stores imported LNG at the Gwangyang LNG Terminal and uses it for facilities such as POSCO’s steel mills and its LNG Combined Cycle Power Plant.

▲A view of POSCO International Gwangyang 1st LNG Terminal, which was completed on July 9, 2024.

The Gwangyang LNG Terminal 1 currently has six tanks with a storage capacity of 930,000 kℓ. In January 2023, construction of the Gwangyang LNG Terminal 2 began, with plans to add two new tanks (Nos. 7 and 8), each with a capacity of 200,000 kℓ, by 2025. When completed, the terminal will boast a total storage capacity of 1.33 million kℓ with eight tanks, securing its position as the number one private LNG terminal in Korea and the 11th largest worldwide.

Furthermore, in August 2020, POSCO International became Korea’s first certified LNG supplier for vessels and began providing its initial LNG supply to international shipping companies. It is also actively advancing its LNG bunkering business by establishing dedicated infrastructure to supply LNG fuel to marine vessels. POSCO International plans to build a dedicated bunkering infrastructure at the Gwangyang LNG Terminal to stably supply low-carbon fuel to ships, thereby revitalizing the domestic LNG bunkering market and actively responding to international environmental policies.

Q How is the natural gas stored at the Gwangyang LNG Terminal connected to daily life?

In Korea, Korea Gas Corporation (KOGAS) exclusively installs and manages the national gas supply pipeline network, which spans approximately 4,937 km. This network serves as both a transportation channel and a storage system for natural gas. The Gwangyang LNG Terminal converts LNG into natural gas and measures the amount before introducing it into the KOGAS pipelines. Once introduced, the power plants in Incheon withdraw the measured amount of gas for use.

While domestic regulations prohibit the direct sale of LNG gas to third parties in Korea, POSCO International is actively pursuing LNG trading through its Singapore trading subsidiary. In 2023, it traded 2.12 million tons of LNG, equivalent to 4% of Korea’s annual LNG consumption. The company plans to expand its trading volume to 3.57 million tons by 2025.

Q What lies ahead for the global LNG market?

The global LNG market is poised for steady growth, largely due to Europe’s push to replace pipeline natural gas (PNG) and the ongoing shift to greener energy solutions. Qatar, one of the world’s top LNG exporters, has announced that it plans to expand its annual production capacity from 77 million tons to 142 million tons by 2030. Meanwhile, the second term of the Trump administration is anticipated to maximize natural gas production and exports by easing regulatory restrictions on shale gas production and LNG exports.

The Russia-Ukraine conflict has accelerated Europe’s adoption of LNG as a substitute for Russian PNG. For example, despite Germany’s policy of expanding renewable energy, it has recently completed an onshore LNG terminal to secure infrastructure for importing LNG to replace Russian PNG.

In its annual market outlook last August, global energy giant Shell projected that global LNG demand could rise by 50%, reaching between 625 million and 685 million tons by 2040. As we enter a period of global energy transition, we expect LNG to play a key role as a fuel.

Supplying natural gas for power generation and manufacturing, with services including unloading, storing, regasification, and discharging

Commencing complementary businesses, such as sea trial and bunkering for ships, to establish a foundation for the blue hydrogen project

POSCO INTERNATIONAL completed the full construction of Gwangyang LNG Terminal 1 (hereinafter referred to as Gwangyang Terminal 1) on the 9th of July. Launched in 2002, this extensive infrastructure construction project received investments amounting to KRW 1.45 trillion over approximately 20 years.

More than 100 personnels from the government and client companies attended the completion ceremony to add to the occasion, including Choi Nam-Ho, the Second Vice Minister of the Ministry of Trade; Park Chang-Hwan, the Vice Governor of South Jeolla Province; Jung In-Hwa, the Mayor of Gwangyang; Kwon Hyang-Yeop, the National Assemblyman; Choo Hyung-Wook, the President of SK E&S; Lee Sang-Kyun, the President of Hyundai Heavy Industries; Kim Hwan-Yong, the Vice President of Korea Gas Corporation; and POSCO Group executives including Lee Kye-In, POSCO INTERNATIONAL CEO.

POSCO INTERNATIONAL, a specialized corporation leading Korea’s energy industry with its comprehensive LNG value chain that includes exploration, production, storage, and power generation, initiated this project to secure stable infrastructure assets for LNG storage.

As a result of the completed construction, Gwangyang Terminal 1 now boasts a storage capacity of 930K ㎘ across the Storage Tanks No.1 to 6, as well as port facilities of about 180K m³.

Gwangyang Terminal 1 not only provides natural gas for power generation and manufacturing in Korea’s key industries, but also offers comprehensive services for unloading, storing, regasifying, and discharging natural gas directly imported by client companies such as POSCO, S-OIL, and SK E&S.

It is worth noting that Storage Tanks No.5 and 6 are the first in Korea to use *cryogenic high-manganese steel that POSCO invented for the first time in the world. Moreover, during the construction project to enhance the soft ground of the landfill at Gwangyang Bay, the compaction pile method was newly applied using steel byproduct for the additional benefit of reducing the usage of natural aggregates.
*Cryogenic manganese steel is characterized by its excellent impact toughness and solidity under extreme environments of -162℃ or below, the temperature required to keep LNG liquefied.

Also, the construction project for Gwangyang LNG Terminal 2, which will add two 200K ㎘ LNG tanks at a nearby site, has received an investment of KRW 930 billion and is currently progressing through streamlined construction processes.

POSCO INTERNATIONAL will secure a total of 1.33M ㎘ of LNG storage capacity by 2026, with the completion of Gwangyang LNG Terminal 2. This amounts to 40 days’ worth of heating gas for the entire population of Korea.

Securing such a large amount of LNG storage capacity also enhances national energy security. This is due to the recent trend among advanced countries in the world to focus on securing energy demand sources and domestic infrastructure for storage in response to the energy supply chain crisis and increased demand for LNG.

In its future endeavors, the company plans to further strengthen the midstream sector (liquefaction, transportation, storage, and trading) corresponding to the middle part of the LNG value chain with Gwangyang Terminal playing a pivotal role.

In addition to the current LNG storage tank rental business, there are plans to develop complementary projects such as sea trial and bunkering of LNG carriers. These endeavors aim to bolster both domestic and international industries while laying the groundwork for advancing the blue hydrogen project in the future.

“Gwangyang LNG Terminal 1, which marked the inaugural commercial operation by a private company in Korea in 2005, has contributed to the nation’s economic growth and energy security,” remarked Choi Nam-Ho, the Second Vice Minister of the Ministry of Trade during the completion ceremony. “In light of escalating uncertainties in international energy supply and demand, we are committed to leveraging all available measures to mitigate industry impacts.”

“I’m deeply grateful to the executives, employees, and on-site laborers for creating a safe workplace without a single major incident since the commencement of terminal construction initiated in 2002,” said Lee Kye-In, POSCO INTERNATIONAL CEO. “In the future, we aim to ensure a stable supply of domestic energy and enhance our competitiveness in the global energy market through digital transformation initiatives that automate and optimize the operational management of Gwangyang LNG Terminals.”

When it comes to energy, the first things that come to mind would be fossil fuels, coal and oil in particular. These two most common energy sources aren’t considered Sustainable. On the contrary, the next most frequently used energy source is Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), and this is referred to be Sustainable!

l Liquefied Natural Gas Emerging as a Major Energy Source

Do you know anything about LNG? I heard that LNG is made by liquefying natural gas and also that this LNG will become the next generation energy source. Am I right?

Yes, you are right. At present, there are many POSCO’s customers engaging in the LNG industry, ranging from LNG vessels, LNG tanks, to LNG equipment. And they strongly insist that LNG will become the next ‘major’ energy source. In fact, the International Energy Agency (IEA) announced that, in the future, LNG will overtake coal as the second dominant energy source following crude oil. In 2019, the global demand for LNG reached 359 million tons, a 12.5% increase compared to 2018, and some predict that it will increase to 700 million tons by 2040.

What is the reason for all this?

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What matters are environment and safety. These days, we are slowly getting rid of products and technology that aren’t Sustainable. Coal and crude oil — the most commonly used energy sources — are fossil fuels and emit fine dust (PM 2.5), sulfur oxides (SOx), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) when utilized. Hence, both energy sources are far from being Sustainable. In the case of nuclear power plants, safety became an issue after the Fukushima nuclear disaster. Of course, there are other renewable energies like wind and solar power, but they are still insufficient to replace fossil fuels entirely.
In the case of LNG, dust, sulfur, and nitrogen are removed during the liquefaction process, so when it is burned, pollutants can be significantly reduced compared to other fossil fuels. It is also lighter than air, so in case of a leakage, it can be blown away easily. The chances of an explosion are also low since its ignition temperature is high. Those are the reasons why LNG has been spotlighted these days.

l LNG, How Helpful Is It to the Environment?

I heard that demand for LNG-powered vessels has increased dramatically in the shipping industry because of the new regulations issued by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) 2020. I guess that is why?

You know that EV, hydrogen cars, and hybrid vehicles are popular these days, right? But did you know that the amount of SO₂ emitted by the top 15 large vessels adds up to more than all vehicles combined worldwide? No wonder why the transition from bunker fuel-powered vessels to LNG-powered vessels is in progress.

Then can you compare the environmental impact of LNG-powered vessels and bunker fuel-powered vessels? I want to check whether LNG is indeed Sustainable.

OK! Let’s take the ‘Green Iris’ vessel, propelled by LNG, as a model vessel and compare the two following cases: a) when operated on LNG with a fuel tank made of 9% nickel steel, high manganese steel, and b) when operated on conventional bunker fuel with a fuel tank made of regular steel plate.
Let’s suppose that the vessel takes a round trip from Busan Port to the Port of Singapore once a month for 25 years. The environmental impacts include not just the operation period but the manufacturing stage with 9% nickel steel, high manganese steel, and regular steel plate as well. Setting the conventional bunker fuel as 100%, let’s take a look at the level of acidification, global warming, and resource consumption of LNG.

Wow. The acidification effect of LNG-powered vessels is almost halved compared to that of bunker fuel-powered vessels. While the level of global warming and resource consumption goes down to 73% and 64%, respectively.

Can you see how beneficial it is to use LNG in the long run? The main reason why regulation was enforced on bunker fuel is because of SOx, and, in LNG, the amount of SO₂eq emission — including SOx — is slashed to 630 tons, the half of 1,220 tons emitted by the bunker fuel scenario’s.

SOx? Doesn’t it precipitate fine dust? So, utilizing an LNG-powered vessel can help reduce almost 600 tons per ship!

Also, the emission of greenhouse gases (CO₂eq), such as carbon dioxide, a major cause of global warming, amounted to 360,000 tons in the bunker fuel scenario and 264,000 tons in the LNG applied scenario. It shows that an LNG-powered vessel can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 90,000 tons compared to a bunker fuel-powered vessel. Imagine that this 90,000 ton is discharged into our planet. One pine tree can absorb about 6.6 kg of carbon dioxide per year, so 90,000 tons is equal to the amount that can be absorbed by 13.6 million trees for a year.

What? 13.6 million trees? That’s a LOT. Then, what is this resource consumption impact?

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Resource consumption indicates the degree of natural resources depleted due to the consumption of fossil fuels. The index is not simply based on how much natural resource is consumed quantitatively, but it also takes into account how many of these natural resources remain. Hence, it could provide us with information beforehand so that no excessive resources are consumed. The higher the number, the greater the degree of depletion. And as demonstrated here, LNG has less impact on resource consumption than bunker fuel.

l LNG, How Helpful Is It to the Environment?

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If LNG is that good, why do we keep using coal and oil until now?

That’s because we lacked the technology to apply it. A downside of LNG is that its liquefaction process, transportation, and storage are quite tricky. Since LNG required enormous investment to create a value chain such as processing and transporting, it did not receive much attention in the past. Natural gas needs to be cooled down to below -163 degrees Celsius to become LNG. And it took quite a long time to develop technologies and materials suitable for this condition.

You mean that we produce the gas in gas fields, liquefy, and use it in liquid form? I heard that the city gas we use is LNG, but isn’t this in gas form?

Well, the supply chain of LNG is quite complicated. First, the natural gas produced at gas fields is shipped to the LNG liquefaction plant via pipeline. Here, the gas is liquefied and formed into LNG. This LNG is then transported with a specialized vessel called an LNG carrier, and when the LNG arrives onshore, it is stored in the LNG storage tanks at the LNG terminal, where it is vaporized into gas once again. Finally, it is sent to power plants or city gas companies through a pipeline.

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Wow. I didn’t know that LNG goes through so much before we get to use them. So I guess it requires advanced technology as well?

Yes, it does. The core technology is about tank design. And among other things, the material would be the most crucial part. The first LNG plant to be built on a commercial scale was the Cleveland plant in the U.S. in 1941. However, the plant was shut down in 1944 due to the destruction of the LNG tank during operation. The material used in making the LNG tank was known to be vulnerable to low temperatures, and it was one of the reasons why the LNG tank was damaged.

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I guess research on LNG tank materials wasn’t active back then. So we need a material that is strong enough to be used at very low temperatures.

When you apply force to an object, it withstands to a limit, deforms, and eventually breaks. Most materials become weaker at low temperatures. You must have seen that when an object quickly freezes, it tends to break easily. When LNG is unloaded and stored, its temperature changes rapidly — ranging from room temperature to below -163 degrees Celsius. And of course, the LNG tank should be able to withstand such dramatic temperature changes. Also, the material should have excellent machinability and be cost-efficient so that it can be fabricated into the desired structure.

Then we cannot use normal steel to make LNG tanks, right? What should we use then?

This is where POSCO’s steel solution steps in! Let me introduce you to the details from now on.

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☞ See [GPS] #2 POSCO’s Solution for the LNG Industry! (ep.2)

Jong-sub Lee, executive VP of POSCO (third from right) explains POSCO’s products to Young-jin Kwon, Mayor of Daegu Metropolitan City (fourth from right) and Young-doo Kim, VP of Korea Gas Corporation (second from right) at the POSCO exhibition booth.

The Asia Pacific Gas Conference is the only gas-related international conference in Korea, first held in 2015. This year, under the theme of natural gas in the future energy market, more than 100 domestic and overseas companies participated, and showcased new technologies and products.

POSCO promoted its high manganese steel, 9% nickel steel, stainless steel and POSCO E&C’s LNG Terminal design and construction technology during the event.

The exhibition space at this year’s event was divided into Product, Solution, PR and Business zones, and on display were steel products related to LNG carriers, high manganese steel LNG storage tanks and onshore LNG storage tanks. In addition, visitors were able to experience the production of POSCO GIGA STEEL and POSCO’s smart via VR videos.

The conference covered topics such as the natural gas industry’s development plans, natural gas and LNG infrastructure as well as new transportation and storage technologies. POSCO also presented a case study of high manganese steel development and production during the part of the conference focused on new material solutions for the LNG industry.

Visitors to POSCO’s exhibition booth watch VR videos about the steelmaking process and the qualities of POSCO GIGA STEEL.

POSCO was able to take away key insights on the recent and future trends of the gas industry, create new business opportunities with potential customers and expand its business with existing customers during the conference. With the new-found knowledge and partnerships, POSCO will work to find more customized and innovative solutions for its partners in the gas industry.

Cover photo courtesy of APGC 2017.

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