POSCO Newsroom had been following the progress of the contest and conducted an in-depth interview with the Grand Prize Winner Jin-Young Son and discussed his winning idea, SIMS – Snap-Interlock Module System (Check out his interview here).

Meanwhile, the World Steel Association explores how Song’s new modular system can help transform the landscape of architectural communities as well as the steel industry. POSCO Newsroom presents worldsteel, “New Modular System Could Transform Construction.”

The Snap Interlock Module System (SIMS) is an elegant, steel-built innovation that could shake up modern construction methods.

Steel is the cornerstone of the construction industry. The adoption of steel beams has facilitated the construction of more ambitious buildings and infrastructure, but has remained relatively unchanged over the last century.

Now, an award-winning innovation is promising a new era of innovation in architecture and engineering.

In 1953, German architect Konrad Wachsmann imagined a structural component that could be industrially produced and universally deployed as the basis of any construction project. He wanted to standardise the basic building blocks of the construction industry like LEGO pieces that could fit into any project.

“The balance between the elastic property and the structural strength of steel can be precisely calculated and controlled by numerical analysis.”

The idea of a universal structural component has caught the imagination of other architects and engineers over the years, but finding a suitable material or design proved difficult.

Inspired by this challenge, Jin Young Song, an assistant professor at the University of Buffalo, began experimenting with interlocking steel components. He used digital models and 3D-printed prototypes to arrive at a module with four hooked legs that snapped together.

Each module has four interconnecting legs and a central slot. Two modules slide together to create a dual axis shape with eight points of connection. Each of these points connects with the leg of another module allowing simple, sturdy structures to be easily assembled.

▲ Each SIMS module has four legs and a central slot that form the basis of its structure (Image Source: Dioinno Architecture PLLC / Jin Young Song)

l New Method, Same Reliable Steel

The Snap Interlock Module System (SIMS) demonstrates remarkable durability and is flexible enough to produce endless geometries. Best of all, it’s so simple it can be assembled by a single worker.

Song considered a number of different materials to construct the modules out of, but ultimately the dependability of steel made it ideal for his system.

“The balance between the elastic property and the structural strength of steel can be precisely calculated and controlled by numerical analysis,” stresses Song.

“Advancements in the fabrication of steel using multi-axis cutting with parametric tools, robotics, and additive manufacturing are accelerating new uses of steel.”

“The assembly is so simple that a one-storey steel pavilion can be built in a backyard and that’s a game-changer.”

The simplicity of SIMS combined with the strength of steel could drastically reduce the complexity of construction projects. Unlike conventional steel beam and post construction methods, building with SIMS requires no welding or bolting.

New designs can be rapidly tested and temporary structures can be assembled and once they’re finished the modules can be packed up again for use in a future project.

SIMS opens up a whole new world of possibilities for architects and engineers. It could potentially be applied in the construction of partition walls, substructures and fences. But for Song, the most exciting application probably hasn’t even been thought of yet.

“We are exploring a couple of interesting ideas such as using SIMS to build envelopes for solar panels or rain screens. But really, because the system is based on easy assembly and the idea of modular stocking, what’s most exciting is how other people will use it.

“The assembly is so simple that a one-storey steel pavilion can be built in a backyard and that’s a game-changer.”

The original content published on the worldsteel’s ‘Our Stories’ section is available at: https://stories.worldsteel.org/construction-building/snap-interlock-modular-system-transform-construction/

2019 Forge Prize kicked off in summer 2018, and until the final announcement of the winner in June, the entire competition took one year – and among the three finalists who made through the Phase I, Jin-Young Song of the Dioinno Architecture PLLC, also an architecture faculty member at the University at Buffalo, because the inaugural winner of the 2019 Forge Prize Grand Prize.

For the competition, Song proposed a steel structural module with a unique, interlocked configuration that allows simple assembly.

How does Song’s proposal explore the innovative potential of steel, and how can it help transform the way the steel industry and the architectural communities perceive and use steel? POSCO Newsroom reports.

l Steel Snaps to a Building?!

▲ Jin-Young Song stands under an arch constructed from his proposal – University at Buffalo (Source: 2019 Forge Prize)

Q: Congratulations on winning the 2019 Forge Prize. Please tell us more about the award and about your entry, SIMS – Snap-Interlock Module System.
A: What intrigued me about the competition call was the two-stage format with seed funding support. Especially, they were seeking innovative ideas to collaborate with industry partners during the second phase.

As an architect and professor in academia, I often find it productive when there is a chance to communicate with the leading industry partner to research, and this was a great opportunity to pursue. From several reviews and meetings, I found that jury members and industry partners appreciated the innovative use of conventional material, discussing the potential of harvesting material property and potential market impact. I believe the winning project, SIMS imposed challenging questions which may open a new direction to ‘smart’ alternative use of steel.

l In SIMS, Steel Bends and Stacks

Q: Since the Forge Prize specifically references and recognizes innovative use of steel, please tell us how the material contributed to your design concept.
A: ‘Stacking’ is a fundamental mode of construction as we imagine the Egyptian Pyramid or walls in Namhansanseong of Korea. Masonry structure has always been a valid construction method and, there are also many diverse forms of non-structural building skin from ‘stacking’ in contemporary architecture.

However, conventional units for stacking – such as stone, brick, concrete units – requires an enormous amount of human effort to maintain structural integrity: from mortar, lateral bracing, to waterproofing, etc.

▲ SIMS: Snap-Interlock Module System (Source: 2019 Forge Prize) (Source: dio Inno Architecture PLLC).

The project started with the idea of ‘stacking steel units’ in the conceptual stage utilizing its lightweight, strong, and precise manufacturing property. And most of all, I focused on the elastic property of steel, which is conventionally considered as a negative phenomenon, to allow a unique interlocking mechanism.

SIMS (Snap-Interlock Module System) is a structural module prototype on the elastic instability of steel, distributing forces through its uniquely stacked and interlocked configuration. The five modules are interlocked as one unit, where the individual steel module is braced with each other. Finite element analysis shows the elastic nature of steel module and confirms structural integrity for building scale.

l Build It, Alone

Q. Now, as for the specific ideation process for the SIMS – how did it come up with the prototype, and what are some potential benefits of this module?

A: Recent scholarly interest includes the phenomenon of ‘buckling’ – as we discover in the blooming of flowers or flexible movement of Venus flytrap. Scientists and engineers have begun to learn the elastic phenomenon found in nature. I imagined that this unique snap-interlocking method based on elastic instability of steel would provide an alternative mode of steel framing beyond labor-intense bolting and welding.

As for the potential benefits of the prototype, a single person can receive a box of SIMS parts and build one-story steel pavilion. No special skill required.

▲ SIMS: Snap-Interlock Module System – a single person can build one-story pavilion. (Source: 2019 Forge Prize)

Q: What architectural concept or steel structure inspires you?
A: I am inspired by Konrad Wachsmann’s steel joint of aircraft hangars for the U. S. Air Force in the 1960s. The joint, how things are connected, is the basis of everything. And his further imagination of the ‘universal joint’ is ambitious and inspirational. His works hint us that there is still a great room for innovation in the way we use steel.

▲ Konrad Wachsmann’s steel joint of aircraft hangars for the U. S. Air Force in the 1960s. German-born American architect Konrad Wachsmann was notable for his contribution to the mass production of building components. He imagined a single, universal structural element which, if mass produced, could be used in building construction for every conceivable purpose. (Source: Atlas of places).

l A Building in a Suitcase, Like Lego

Q. How did you feel when you learned you advanced to Phase II? Any anecdotes you would like to share from the competition?
A: Rather than serious funded research, this project has been a kind of hobby for several months. I have developed my interest in this stacking mechanism and improved the design day by day, printing prototype one after the other.

When I learned that the phase 2 presentation of Forge Award would take place at a hotel in Las Vegas as part of AIA National convention, I decided to present the whole pavilion in the showcase by packing all parts into one travel suitcase.

*AIA: American Institute of Architects

▲ SIMS: Snap-Interlock Module System fits in a suitcase (Source: University at Buffalo)

Additionally, when the organizer informed me that I only had 1.5 hours to install in the conference, I was happy to take the challenge of building the full pavilion in such a short time.

It was a good proof of the concept that we brought everything in only one suitcase and assembled it into a pavilion within that time frame. The fact that the project won the Grand Prize verifies that these communities of engineers, architects, and researchers from the AISC and the ACSA, appreciate the creative research and development effort, therefore this is only a public encouragement for me to keep working on the idea.

Q. What is the commercialization prospect for the SIMS? In your opinion, how do you think the SIMS will transform the landscape of the current construction industry?
A: I think the principle of SIMS can be applied to diverse commercial products in the building industry. Not only the steel-framed pavilion which can be easily assembled and disassembled by one person but also building skin support for solar panels and substructure for the vertical green wall can be commercialized. Temporary display walls for events, flexible fences, and more possibilities can be realized. The ‘steel’ has been always invisible to our eyes despite its critical function in our built environment. However, if we can be more creative about the use of steel, if we use products based on the principle of SIMS, the steel becomes more intimate material closely attached to our life. This also supports our current cultural paradigm, the rapidly changing culture in the city, and the eventful street with flexible and mobile architecture where I believe the ‘steel’ can play a critical role.

Q. Now that the competition has ended, is there any other project you would like to further work on?
A: There is a research project I led with engineers at SOM (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill LLP). We explored steel-based structural skin for tall towers, the Emboss Tower.

The major diagrid system with a secondary embossed surface structure provides an enhanced perimeter structural system by increasing tube section areas and reduces wind loads by disorienting major organizing wind forces. I believe this tower shows the potential of steel in the structural skin application, and I would be excited to explore further.

As someone acutely aware of the inherent human-spatial connection, Song believes – while commercialization and global market force in the building industry advance our well-being, simultaneously, it can be limiting – just as in the way coffee shops, multiplex cinemas, shopping malls, and big-box grocery markets are all similar in many global cities – be it Seoul or New York City.

But Song believes innovative opportunities like the Forge Prize where architects collaborate with industry partners, can help explore enormous potential of human-spatial connection as well as building materials, like steel. As one such industry partner, POSCO will continue the endeavor to support innovative communities and creators like Song.

Weather Events of 2017

2017 saw some of the worst natural disasters across the globe. The Atlantic hurricane season hit hard, and Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria were especially devastating. Hurricane Harvey caused 82 direct deaths, and an estimated USD 180 billion worth of damage. Hurricane Irma swept across 9 U.S. states leaving 75 people dead and damage costs of USD 50 to 100 billion. Hurricane Maria is the worst natural disaster on record in Dominica with the official death toll at 51, but over 900 cremations have taken place in Puerto Rico following the storm.

The aftermath of Hurricane Harvey shows the importance of resistant housing. (Source: CNN)

In addition, typhoons, tornados and other weather events wreaked havoc on communities around the globe raising awareness for the need for better emergency and disaster relief systems and stronger shelters to withstand natural disasters.

Natural-Disaster-Resistant Homes

For people living in areas prone to natural disasters, a resistant home can make the difference between total property loss and a safe haven. Worldwide, home builders and buyers alike are prioritizing the home’s ability to withstand natural disasters, leading to innovative architectural feats.

The Tsunami House was built to withstand natural disasters. (Source: My Fancy House)

On Camano Island in Washington State, the “Tsunami House” is made to be a safe waterfront home, able to withstand stormy waters. The main living level was built five feet above ground, and the foundations are built on pilings capable of withstanding high-velocity waves. The lower home area was designed with breakaway walls. For both strength and aesthetic purposes, this house contains steel inside and out, with composite and galvanized exterior siding, aluminum windows, and milled finish steel materials indoors. A steel staircase structure ensures safe passage.

The SURVIV(AL) House is sustainable and has a safe room in case of hurricanes or tornadoes. (Source: Inhabitat)

Another example of a home built to survive natural disasters is the SURVIV(AL) hurricane proof house is a solar-powered home with a steel-encased safe room built to withstand the effects of extreme weather like hurricanes and tornadoes. Students from the University of Alabama created this home with a safe room that can withstand a two-by-four plank landing at 200 mph.

The Ophir home sits on a hillside with exposed steel frames to withstand earthquakes. (Source: Inhabitat)

The Ophir home was built in 2010 by a couple in New Zealand following a 6.3 magnitude earthquake that forced many people from their homes and community. The couple, however, built their home back up from scratch, but this time, made sure it would not collapse under any circumstances. Not only can the home withstand earthquakes, it is designed to maximize exposure to sunlight for sustainable living as well. A distinctive feature of the home is its exposed steel frames that support the concrete walls.

The Benefits of Building with Steel    

Steel is one of the most popular materials for construction, but its properties make it especially valuable for natural-disaster-resistant homes. Steel has a high strength to weight ratio for durability, without the heft and its associated transport costs. It requires very little maintenance, even when used as an exterior surface, and will withstand the effects of time. It is also an eco-friendly, cost-efficient material for construction.

Steel Frames are ideal for the construction of natural disaster resistant homes. (Source: Stratco)

In fact, steel can withstand forces up to 150 mph as an exterior material, without becoming damaged. Steel is also an excellent reinforcement when used with concrete, offering the stiffness, strength and ductility needed to help a building withstand damage from events like earthquakes. As part of a building’s foundation structure, steel reinforcements help anchor the foundation, and the entire home, keeping it where it belongs through wind, waves, quakes and rain.

The damage left behind by natural disasters this year show that the effects last well beyond the initial onset. While there is no such thing as a completely weather-proof building, steel can offer a great deal of security and help minimize the destructive outcomes of Mother Nature.

Cover photo courtesy of CENHS.