The guitar, arguably the world’s favorite instrument, is also a stringed instrument that uses these mechanisms. Before the guitar developed into the beloved instrument that we now know though, it went through various transformations from different countries from the world, throughout the centuries.

A Strum through History

The sound of a string instrument is instantly recognizable. Having been played and enjoyed throughout history, strings have made some major influences on the evolution of music. Resemblances of the modern guitar for instance, have first been placed in the third millennium B.C. The tanbur, a four-stringed ancestor of the guitar, made its way through Mesopotamia and the Middle East, being adopted and slightly altered to fit different regions’ tastes in sound.

Moving into the Renaissance era, the lute, a pear-shaped and more advanced rendition of the tanbur, had a short neck and more strings. The lute’s influence on the Renaissance art movement is depicted in several paintings and stories, and is characterized as an essential element to that era’s social scene.

In the 17^th century, the Baroque guitar took center stage. At this time, the guitar was steering away from using animal gut as strings because the stress placed on the organic strings was causing the instrument to break down more frequently.

With the increasing popularity of the guitar came the need for a more durable construction. By the 1850s, steel-stringed guitars have become more widely used for their sturdiness alongside nylon stringed guitars.

The development of steel-string guitars can be credited to Christian Frederich Martin, a German guitar maker who apprenticed under the most renowned guitar artisans of his time. Predicting a change in the taste of music, Martin set sail for America where he opened up a guitar shop in Pennsylvania. By the 1920s, Martin’s steel-string guitars were in every guitar player’s hands, further developing the sounds that would continue to shape modern music.

While the United States was going through a music transformation like this, musicians were demanding louder, higher-quality instruments that could keep pace with the generation’s upbeat music.

Shaping Modern Music with Steel

As styles of music progressed to louder, faster beats, so did guitars that needed to be heard in larger venues. Even with steel strings, the basic acoustic guitar could no longer appease musicians who were experiencing a boom in popularity.

By the 1930s, the guitar received an electric upgrade. With the ability to be plugged into speakers in amplifiers, guitar musicians could once again compete with the loud sounds of brass instruments. By the 1950s and 60s, the electric guitar had become a pivotal instrument in rock and pop music, forever being immortalized by legends like Jimi Hendrix and The Beatles.

There are now several different materials that electric guitars use for their strings. Besides the well-known steel, there are strings made of cobalt and nickel, each delivering a unique tone to the emitted sound. The acoustic guitar however, still largely uses steel for its crisp and unforgettable sound.

This is because steel strings produce louder, sharper sounds that have more twang, making steel-string guitars the perfect choice for rocking out and creating a high-energy atmosphere. Another reason is that the steel string is much more resistant to heat than its nylon counterpart. Less heat and tighter winding equate to less maintenance and tuning required.

Capturing Hearts and Imaginations with Steel-String Guitars

It is almost impossible not to enjoy and appreciate legendary acoustic axeman like Robert Johnson, Michael Hedges and Django Reinhardt harmonically slap and fret their way through entrancing rifts.

Through completely different genres ranging from classical, flamenco, jazz and rock to many others, the steel-string guitar remains the top-choice to play for the best musicians. When you turn the radio on or listen to your favorite band, you will most certainly be hearing steel-string guitars.

Steel strings can also be found on other string instruments with varying sounds and uses for specific genres of music, like the ukulele, violin, harpsichord and bass. Steel strings will continue to be used for acoustic instruments for a long time until a better, stronger material that emits a cleaner, louder sound gets discovered.

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On September 30, POSCO and POSCO E&C sold shares owned by POSCO E&C as well as issued new shares, finalizing the deal which was first discussed in August 2014 following a letter of intent rendered by the PIF. Following this agreement, POSCO E&C retains 58.2 percent of its shares.

The deal accommodates the needs of each party. POSCO is expected to fortify its internal stability, while Saudi Arabia can rapidly respond to the changing energy markets in the post-oil era. In June of this year, after POSCO signed an agreement with PIF, Standard and Poor’s (S&P) raised POSCO’s credit rating from Better Business Bureau BBB+, Negative to BBB+, Stable. This agreement will serve as momentum for POSCO to improve the group’s entire financial health. Furthermore, POSCO E&C will improve its financial structure and achieve both transparency of management and efficiency of operation, with two directors appointed by PIF to be involved with the company’s management.

In the future, POSCO E&C and PIF will establish a joint venture, POSCO E&C SAUDI ARABIA, with an investment ratio of 4:6, respectively. By doing so, the two parties will expand their cooperative business efforts for a series of infrastructure projects including a railway, hotel and other construction projects for the Saudi Arabian government, as well as energy and plant businesses. Through this partnership, both parties are expected to enjoy gains as POSCO will see results in profitability and stability by expanding businesses in the Middle East, and the PIF will have access to POSCO’s advanced construction technologies.

Steel and Skyscrapers: A Brief History

The history of skyscrapers dates back to the second half of the 19th century when steel became a cornerstone of the world’s industrial economy. Steel framing and steel reinforced concrete made “curtain-wall” architecture possible, which led to the world’s first skyscrapers. Steel further evolved the capabilities of skyscrapers, allowing them to reach new heights. From the humble beginnings of the first skyscraper, the Home Insurance Building, built in Chicago in 1895 and standing 42m, skyscrapers now reach extraordinary heights.

Here are the four tallest skyscrapers in four of the regions of the world today. 

Burj Khalifa, Dubai, Middle East

Rising to 829.8m over the gulf city of Dubai, the Burj Khalifa is the tallest building in the world. Designed by Skidmore Owings and Merill (SOM), the Burj Khalifa used a bundled tube design and a composite of steel and concrete to reach its record height. The Burj Khalifa employed a bundled tube system which is a system of construction that uses an interconnected frame of steel tubes. Thirty-nine thousand tons of steel rebar was needed for the construction. The Burj Khalifa houses a mix of residential, corporate and retail space.

Shanghai Tower, Shanghai, Asia

Standing 632m, the 128-story Shanghai Tower is located in Shanghai’s financial district of Lujiazui, Pudong in China. Though currently still under construction, following its topping out in 2013, the Shanghai Tower is the tallest building in China and the second-tallest building in the world, surpassed only by the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. The Shanghai Tower is the tallest of a group of three adjacent supertall buildings in Pudong and is composed of three important design strategies, the asymmetry of the tower’s shape, its tapering profile and its rounded corners, all of which will allow it to withstand typhoon wind forces common in Shanghai. 

One World Trade Center, New York, North America

Designed by the same firm that designed the Burj Khalifa, the 104-story One World Trade Center reaches a height of 417m. Including the spire, its total height is 541m (1,776 ft.), a tribute to 1776, the year the U.S. won its independence. Surpassing the Willis Tower (formerly Sear’s Tower) in Chicago, the One World Trade Center is the tallest building in the U.S. The tower’s structure is designed around a strong, but lightweight, steel frame made of beams and columns. The lighter structures enabled savings in greenhouse gases and a 30 percent decrease in carbon emissions during construction. There are 70 elevators and nine escalators in the One World Trade Center. (Image: http://bit.ly/1DsqmBK)

The Shard, London, European Union

The Shard is a 72-story glass pyramid tower, rising above the city of London. It was completed in 2012, and stands 245m. The design uses an intelligent combination of steel and concrete. Steel structures were used from the ground floor to the 40th floor. From there to the 69th floor, concrete replaces the framing material, before the design reverts back to steel. Construction required 12,000 tons of steel.

As the world continues to grow and urbanize the ability to adapt building structures and materials will continue to evolve. Steel will continue to be essential in helping the world’s buildings reach new heights.

The infographic below shows how each of these four gravity-defying structures compare. See how each stack up in height and the amount of steel necessary to make each possible. (Image: http://bit.ly/1eUAFTc)

The mere mention of the city conjures up images such as towering skyscrapers, luxury hotels and mysterious desert dunes.

But compared to its neighboring emirates, this “Miracle in the Desert” has very few gas reserves. As such, Dubai began preparing for the post-oil era long before its onset. The large increases in oil prices after the Gulf War of 1990 encouraged the city to focus its efforts primarily on free trade and has since transformed into a global hub for trade and logistics.

Now, countries throughout the Middle East are looking to Dubai, which is considered the world’s most strikingly modern and prosperous city, as a model of success.

Seeing the potential of the region, POSCO opened its first office in the Middle East in Beirut, Lebanon, in 1975. Later, in 1998, the steel company opened the Dubai presence of its Singapore office, which was promoted as the Dubai office in 2006.

Currently, there are four employees working at this location who oversee POSCO activities in 19 countries: 14 in the Middle East and 5 in North Africa.

In response to changing marketing conditions, the Dubai office is working to increase the sales of products by focusing on reinforcing its solution-based marketing capabilities. It is also working hard to promote POSCO’s innovative solutions to its clients ordering construction projects, and is seeking to create new business opportunities with other Middle Eastern offices of POSCO affiliates.

To get an idea of where the future of POSCO is headed in terms of construction, it only makes sense to take a look at some of Dubai’s most impressive architectural projects of the past which used steel as a construction material. Here are three of them:

Burj Khalifa

Also known as the “Jewel of Dubai”, this 164-story building is the tallest free-standing structure in the world. The building took about five and a half years to build, and used over 31,400 metric tons of steel rebar. Laid end to end, this would stretch over a quarter of the way around the world!

The Burj Khalifa has since become a symbol of the wealth and progress embodied by the Persian Gulf city and currently houses a mix of residential spaces, corporate suites and the Armani Hotel Dubai, the world’s first hotel designed and developed by Giorgio Armani himself.

Princess Tower

(Image courtesy of Wikipedia)

Also a record-breaker, the Princess Tower is the world’s tallest residential tower at 414 meters and 107 floors. The building boasts 763 luxury apartments, including a number of penthouse apartments overlooking the Palm Jumeirah, a dramatic artificial archipelago that resembles a palm tree.

Yet the most impressive aspect of the Princess Tower is its grandiose exterior, which includes a decorative dome that sits atop the building like a giant crown. The dome, which was finished in February 2012, has a mast on the top of it, which weighs 110 tons and is made of aluminum and steel.

O-14

(Image courtesy of Archdaily)

O-14’s façade is an inventive merger of structure and solar shading that is based on a perforated exoskeleton that challenges the concept of an office building altogether. The 1,300 openings in the tower’s shell create a sensational show of natural light that allows for a unique and ever-changing interior space, and permits cool air to filter through the building, thus saving energy.

The outer concrete and steel skin of O-14 also play a fundamental role in supporting the inner tower with an array of linking beams. Eliminating the need of interior columns creates more floor space, and as such, more areas for rent.

Considering the fact that Dubai is seemingly always under construction, and in constant pursuit of breaking even more world records, it’s certain that the demand for steel and POSCO’s services will continue to increase.

Peter Marcus said in his lecture, “POSCO was able to succeed as a global steelmaker because it has its own unique corporate culture,” emphasizing the importance of continuously developing POSCO’s unique and great corporate culture.

In addition, he mentioned the importance of continuous R&D investment activities to maintain competitiveness, explaining, “5 companies globally, POSCO, NSSMC (Nippon Steel & Sumimoto Metal Corp), JFE, CSC (China Steel), and Baoshan Iron & Steel, are showing competitive R&D activities.”

He also pointed out that the steel industry today is facing an extremely difficult environment, forecasting that the growth engine from China will be exhausted while the remaining power for new growth of BRICs will not be sufficient, thus the downcycle of the steel industry will continue until around 2018.

In the long term, scrap production supply from China will increase rapidly while DRI (Direct Reduced Iron) competitiveness will recover due to shale gas, leading to distinct competition between iron sources forecasting a decline in material costs such as iron ores, DRI, and HBI (Hot Briquetted Iron).

In the mid- to long-term, increases in steel demand will be prominent in the Middle East regions rather than China, where steel production will increase 1.5% annually from 1,574 million tons in 2013 to 1,873 million tons by 2025.

Lastly, Marcus forecast that there is a high chance that the increase rate of steel demand in China will stagnate at less than 1% until 2025, and that the increase rate of annual steel production will reach 7.9% until 2014 but only 0.59% for the ten years after 2015.

Marcus explained that this is based on the decrease of GDP growth rate, decline in demand due to the depreciating construction economy, and weakened export competitiveness due to a strong Chinese yuan value.

On August 15, POSCO held a completion ceremony for a cold-rolled stainless steel plant called “POSCO Assan TST” in Izmit, Turkey. POSCO Assan TST, which will become the first stainless steel plant in the country, has an annual production capacity of 200,000 tons. With the completion, POSCO has now secured a production base at the west front of ‘U-Belt,’ a part of POSCO’s global UI development strategy across newly rising countries in Asia.

Turkey is a strategic point for entering the markets of Europe, Middle East, Russia, North Africa and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Recently, the nation has also been going through a rapid industrial drive from light industry to heavy industry basis. Renault, Fiat, Ford, Nissan, Honda and other major car manufacturers are operating businesses in Turkey and the local market itself is often referred as one of Europe’s top three home appliance consumer markets along with Germany and Italy. The demands for high quality cold-rolled stainless products are high due to these factors in Turkey.

POSCO Assan TST holds a significant meaning because, despite of such soaring demands for stainless products, Turkey did not have any stainless plant within the country and experts had previously suggested that a supply shortage reaching 1 million tons could occur by 2015. With the completion, POSCO will be able to take the advantageous position first in the Turkish market, and also react swiftly for the demands from the neighboring areas. Once the ITPC, an Italian stainless processing center starts operating next month, the two facilities will work together to create a sales synergy in the near future.

About 300 guests attended the ceremony to celebrate the completion of POSCO Assan TST, including CEO and Chairman of POSCO Chung Joon-yang, Turkey’s Minister of Science, Industry and Technology Nihat Ergun, Minister of Economy Zafer Caglayan and other VIPs from the Turkish government and POSCO’s partners. During his remarks, Chairman Chung said, “POSCO Assan TST is the essence of the long relationship between Turkey and Korea. I hope POSCO continues to be loved by Turkey and to grow in line with the local market for mutual prosperity.” While speaking with the Turkish government ministers, the Chairman also requested continuous supports for the cold-rolled stainless plant in Turkey, and in response, Minister Ergun and Minister Caglayan said the government will provide its full support for the plant.

POSCO Assan TST in Turkey is expected to be the key manufacturing plant for global production and sales network across China, Southeast Asia and Turkey, making POSCO be the leading stainless maker in the world.